Abstract

Objective: To explore pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques and interventions for managing postoperative pain.
Methodology: This narrative review synthesizes evidence from a range of studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of current practices and emerging trends in postoperative pain management.
Results: Pharmacological approaches include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and adjuvant medications. The review examines the role of patient-controlled analgesia and regional anesthesia techniques such as epidural analgesia and peripheral nerve blocks. Non-pharmacological techniques, including acupuncture, relaxation techniques, and cognitive-behavioral interventions are highlighted for their potential benefits and limitations.
Conclusion: Effective postoperative pain management requires a multimodal approach, combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to optimize patient outcomes.

Key words: Postoperative pain, analgesics, patient-controlled analgesia, regional anesthesia, complementary therapies.