Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as transformative approach in oncology with the discovery of therapeutic cancer vaccines as promising strategy. These vaccines either standalone or in conjunction with adoptive cell therapy or immune checkpoint blockade therapy shows promise. However, the clinical success of conventional cancer vaccine remains limited due to poor immunogenicity, suboptimal antigen presentation and inadequate delivery at the site of action. Application of nanotechnology for developing nanovaccines may address these challenges and offering solutions to these limitations.
Nano-vaccine mimics the physicochemical and structural properties of antigen system and may activate both humoral and cellular immune responses. These systems can be used to fine-tune intracellular delivery and antigen crossover presentation. Further, it offers prolonged blood circulation constancy, improved immune system engagement, without the need for supplemental doses and the need to maintain the cold chain, as well as the potential to develop large scale production.
This review explores the vaccine delivery via artificial or naturally derived nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy, focusing their ability to deliver/ co-deliver inert ingredients and multiepitope antigens into lymphoid organs and monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, immunogenic mRNA for cancer immunotherapy delivered via nano-vaccine will also be examined. Overall, nanovaccines represent a promising frontier in precision immunotherapy with significant implications for cancer treatment.

Key words: Nanovaccines; Cancer; AIDS; mRNA; Nanomedicines; Vaccination; Immunotherapy; nanoparticles