Abstract

Dysbiosis primarily causes diabetic liver damage, and studies show that people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit considerable changes in their gut microbiome. Escherichia coli, Clostridium symbiosum, and Clostridium hathewayi are among the harmful microorganisms known to increase in diabetes and adversely affect the liver. Importantly, plasma triglycerides, fasting glucose, and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) showed a negative correlation with Clostridium species, while fasting glucose, HbA1c, and plasma triglycerides showed a positive correlation with Lactobacillus species. These findings suggest that specific bacterial taxa may contribute to the development of T2DM and, in turn, promote liver-related complications. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may help restore a healthy gut microbiota, which may enhance insulin sensitivity, reduce hepatic fat accumulation, and alleviate metabolic dysfunction associated with the liver. Furthermore, diabetic liver damage has been linked to dysbiosis-related changes in bile acid metabolism. FMT can restore the diversity and function of bile acid-metabolizing bacteria, leading to a more balanced bile acid profile and enhanced bile acid signalling in the liver. This might reduce liver fibrosis and inflammation. Overall, by focusing on dysbiosis and its related pathways, FMT shows potential as a therapeutic intervention for diabetic liver disease. However, further investigation is required to clarify the ideal procedures, long-term security, and effectiveness of FMT in this particular situation. Furthermore, innovations are shifting FMT toward personalized precision therapies that address the complex relationship between gut bacteria, metabolism, and liver health in Type-2 diabetes. This study highlights a novel mechanistic framework linking dysbiosis, liver injury, and FMT restoration, emphasising donor–host microbiome compatibility, duration of effect, and the promise of precision microbiome and next-generation FMT therapies as future directions.

Key words: Dysbiosis, Healthy, Diabetes, Species, Infected, Diabetic Liver Injury